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2. INTERIOR FINISHING MATERIALS Finishing can be defined as the final layer which protect and fix the surface of the building elements. This layer plays an important role in visual and psychological definition of interior space. At the period of traditional building techniques; buildings were usually produced by traditional materials such as stone, wood and adobe. They were used uncoated or sometimes plastered. After the transition to modern building techniques; the building section got thinner and new layers had to be added in order to provide comfort requirements. Consequently finishing layers were needed. The main purpose of finishing layer is to fix the surface. Also it is essential to coat wall, floor and ceiling in order to create a suitable appearance and to protect the construction from effects of water, heat, moisture, abrasion.

2.1. Wall finishing The prior function of wall is to separate spaces from each other vertically, but depending on the structural system of the building it may also carry loads. Wall has to ∗ Assist. Prof. Dr., Işık University, Fine Arts Faculty, Interior Architecture Department 606 protect the space against the effects of water, moisture, heat, noise, light, fire, etc. Wall section can be analyzed in three layers; interior coating, core and exterior coating (Figure 1). Some walls can be formed by one layer while some of them are formed by three layers.

2.2. Floor finishing Floor is the horizontal structural element of the building. The prior function of floor is load-bearing. It increases the strength by connecting the walls in solid masonry systems. At skeleton systems it has to carry its own load and transfer it to the system. It also has to be resistant to some effects such as; heat, water, moisture and noise, according to its location in building. Floor's section can be analyzed in four layers; floor coating, base, structural system and ceiling coating (Figure 2). The most important layer is structural system and the others support it. Floor and ceiling coatings are finishing layers and have to create a visually and functionally favorable impact

2.3. Ceiling finishing Ceiling is the lower part of the floor. If it does not have any equipment, such as HVAC or installation, it is usually straight and can be solved easily. But if the ceiling has an acoustic, HVAC, lighting or sprinkler system equipment on it, a suspended ceiling has to be created in order to hide the system

4. INTERIOR FINISHING MATERIALS and INSTALLATION TECNIQUES Interior finishing materials visually identify and reflect the character of the space. 609 A lot of materials had been used for this purpose for centuries. Although these materials were limited before the Industrial Revolution, they have increased with the development of modern technologies. Today there are hundreds of products which can be used for this purpose. In this part of the study, the types, general properties, application techniques and environmental properties of interior finishing materials are discussed. 4.1. Cement-based materials Cement is the most common binding materi

cussed. 4.1. Cement-based materials Cement is the most common binding material nowadays. According to various sources; natural cement was produced BC 7000 and artificial cement was produced BC 5600. But the cement used today is based on 1824 (Binggeli, 2008). Specific proportions of lime and clay are mixed and baked at high temperatures in the production of portland cement. During the baking process clay and lime components forms cement clinker. 2 to 3% of gypsum is added into clinker in order to adjust the setting time and then the mixture is grinded to obtain portland cement (Neville, 1995). Cement-based finishing materials are composed of mortar by mixing cement, aggregates, and water. They can be continuous or in tiles. Terrazzo is cement-based continuous material; while cement, terrazzo and concrete tiles are products in tiles  

Cement tile is installed on a well leveled clean surface with adhesive mortar. While positioning the tiles a thin gap is left for the joint. After the installation, joints are filled with grouting (Figure 8). The terrazzo tiles are formed by white and colored stones/glass, cement, paint, marble powder and water. It has an abrasion layer of approximately 1 cm and below that it has a regular mortar layer. It is installed just like cement tile and should be periodically polished (Toydemir et al, 2000). Concrete tile is formed by cement, polymeric resin, fine aggregate and water. It is installed with cement adhesive mortar. A high heat input is required in the production of cement; therefore the process causes a large amount of carbon emission and consumption of some non-renewable 610 mineral and water resources. Different environment friendly combinations of alternative

4.2. Earth-based materials Earth-based materials are used in the building because they can easily be found since the prehistoric times. Ceramics which are baked at high degrees are used as the earth-based finishing materials at the building. The most significant property of the baked earth-based materials is their high heat insulating ability. In addition, they are light and resistant to chemicals and high temperature. The biggest disadvantage of the material is their fragility

4.3. Glass Glass is used since prehistoric times and it is defined as a kind of ceramic. It had been used for producing ornaments in prehistoric times. Later it has started to be used as structural purposes. Glass was first used in the windows to make the connection between interior and exterior spaces. Later, with the emerging technologies, it has started to be used in large sizes and for different features in different parts of the structures (Binggeli, 2008). Glass is formed by melting the ingredients together at high temperatures, shaping and annealing of the material. Usually floating method is used for shaping the structural glass. Glass is used in interior spaces as glass brick walls, floor tiles and mosaics. Also, glass foam can be used on walls for acoustic purposes. Glass brick is created by pressing the molten glass into a mold. Then the glass machine slowly reheats two blocks until the edges melts to join the two pieces. The molten edges of two blocks fuse forming a single block with a remaining gap between them. Glass bricks have a high thermal insulation property, it is light permeable and esthetic. Cement-based mortar is used in installation of glass bricks and grout is applied to joints after drying

4.4. Metals Metals are resistant and shiny materials obtained from the mines. Metal has a high heat and electric conductivity due to its regular atomic structure. This also leads to a high compression and tension strength value. The most important problem about metal is corrosion reasoned from water vapor and oxygen. This can be solved by periodic painting or using alloys. Alloys are obtained by melting and mixing two or more metals in order to increase the strength and resistance of metal. Metal is known since ancient times, but its industrial production started in the 19th century. It became widespread as a building material since the beginning of the 20th century. In ancient times iron is burned with charcoal and copper to obtain metal and used as a coating material. Metal is preferred due to its structural strength and esthetic appearance in interior spaces. It is used as wall and floor coating material in panel or tile form. Metals can also be used at the ceilings as suspended ceiling material 

4.5. Polymers (Plastics) Plastic is produced by processing carbon (C) with hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and other organic or inorganic elements. Plastic is not found in nature, but obtained by the treatment of natural elements. 613

Plastics are used as panels, sandwich panels, stretch ceilings, polymer and epoxy floors in interior space. Polymer panels can be produced in desired width and color from PVC, acrylic and polycarbonate. They are installed to a construction system. Sandwich panel is a structure made of three layers. It has a low density core inserted between two relatively thin layers. It has a high mechanical performance. The sandwich panels are often used in prefabricated buildings. Sandwich panels are applied in a similar manner with the other interior coating panels (Toydemir et al, 2000). Figure 13. PVC tile application Polymer floor coatings are manufactured as tiles or rolls. They are installed to a fine leveled surface with glue (Fig. 13). Epoxy is a mixture of synthetic resin, aggregate and pigment. They are applied onto smooth surfaces in two separate layers. Stretch ceilings are usually created with PVC fabric and installed to an aluminum ceiling mounted frame. The lightness, easy installation and light transmissi

der to produce biodegradable plastics (Joseph and Tretsiakova, 2010). 4.6. Natural stone Natural stones are obtained by cutting the solid layer under the soil. It has been used as a structural and coating material in building for centuries. It is preferred because it is resistant to environmental factors, has a high abrasion resistance, impact strength and has a low absorption rate. Natural stones are used as wall and floor coating material in interior space. Two different methods are used in wall installation. At the first method the material is directly installed to the wall with cement mortar, the second is applied to a metal supporting system. In interior coatings direct installation is preferred. Porous stone types such as travertine and sandstone has to be used in order to increase adherence. Precautions should be taken to prevent the stones from falling before the mortar has hardened (Toydemir et al., 2000; Riggs, 2003). Natural stones used as floor coating has 2-5 cm thickness. 2 cm tiles can be used in 614 normal floors, 3 cm tiles can be used in borders and 4 cm tiles can be used in stair coating. Stone selection should be done according to the circulation of the space. Hard stones such as granite, andesite, basalt, diabase and porphyry should be preferred in SPACES OF HIGH HUMAN TRAFFIC.

0). 4.7. Textiles Textile is used as carpets and upholstery fabric for furniture and curtains. For this purpose wool, cotton, linen, leather are used; polymers such as nylon and perlon can also be used. Figure 15. Carpet application Carpet is used for floor coating in the residential and working spaces. The carpets are divided in two different groups; woven and non-woven carpets. In recent years polymer-based non-woven carpets are preferred for their high sound absorption values and economic reasons. They are produced in rolls or tiles and applied to the floor with glue (Fig. 15). Woven carpets are made of various threads and they are thicker. This type is applied in the same way with the non-woven carpets. Dirt can easily penetrate into the material because of its thickness. For this reason woven carpets are not recommended at places where hygiene is important.

4.8. Wood and wood composites From the prehistoric times wood is preferred due to its strong, lightweight, easily processed structure. It is mentioned at various sources that wood has been used for different purposes in ancient Egyptian, Greek, Roman and Chinese civilizations. It had been used as construction, coating and furniture material in forestry regions; and in less frequent regions it has been used as door, wall panel and furniture (